Thursday, April 30, 2020
Manage Personal Work Priorities and Professional Development free essay sample
Healthââ¬â¢s purpose is to provide safe, sustainable, efficient, quality and responsive health services for all Queenslanders, and we have five core values that guide our behaviour: Caring for People: We will show due regard for the contribution and diversity of all staff and treat all patients and consumers, carers and their families with professionalism and respect. Leadership: We will exercise leadership in the delivery of health services and in the broader health system by communicating vision, aligning strategy with delivering outcomes, taking responsibility, supporting appropriate governance and demonstrating commitment and consideration for people. Partnership: Working collaboratively and respectfully with other service providers and partners is fundamental to our success. Accountability, efficiency and effectiveness: We will measure and communicate our performance to the community and governments. We will use this information to inform ways to improve our services and manage public resources effectively, efficiently and economically. Innovation: We value creativity. We are open to new ideas and different approaches and seek to continually improve our services through our contributions to, and support of, evidence, innovation and research. We will write a custom essay sample on Manage Personal Work Priorities and Professional Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Purpose The Nurse Unit Manager is a registered nurse who is an expert practitioner accountable for the coordination of clinical practice and the provision of human and material resources for the BreastScreen Queensland Mackay Service. Staffing and budget responsibilities Line Management for nursing staff of BreastScreen Queensland Mackay Service Regular analysis and reporting of financial and quality performance activity. Your key responsibilities â⬠¢ Fulfil the responsibilities of this role in accordance with Queensland Healthââ¬â¢s core values, as outlined above. â⬠¢ Provide high-level clinical leadership and expertise to the nursing workforce in the delivery of evidence based, contemporary nursing practice, in accordance with the BreastScreen Queensland Program Policy and Standards and the BreastScreen Australia National Accreditation Standards. â⬠¢ Facilitate the coordination and management of client care during the screening and assessment pathway to ensure service delivery is ethical, efficient, effective, client focused and culturally appropriate. Maintain clinical data, undertake analysis of trends in client outcomes, and aid in the establishment of service benchmarks specific to the BreastScreen Queensland Program. Facilitate operational strategies for a work based culture that promotes and supports education, learning, research and workforce development by providing training and development opportunities for staff and participating in performance appraisal and development. â⬠¢ Active involvement in the implementation of National Accreditation Standards at Service Level to ensure Service meets performance indicators. â⬠¢ Participates in the development of a vision/strategy for the BreastScreen Service which is in line with the BreastScreen Queensland Program, District and Queensland Health direction and supports a supportive learning culture. Facilitates in collaboration with staff the implementation, monitoring and review of workplace instructions, guidelines and competencies as applicable. â⬠¢ Maintains current knowledge of professional practice standards and changes, and contributes actively to nursing development.
Saturday, March 21, 2020
Free Essays on Shaya Rebellion-a Much Better Documentation
Shayââ¬â¢s Rebellion: A Much Better Documentation Authors each use their own unique narration and documentation when writing a book about a piece of history, such as Celia a Slave or Shaysââ¬â¢ Rebellion. Melton McLaurin, the author of Celia a Slave, uses much more guesswork and ââ¬Å"he-said she-saidâ⬠documentation rather than actual sound facts. However, David Szatmary, author of Shaysââ¬â¢ Rebellion, uses much more first hand, factual information. Meltonââ¬â¢s Celia a Slave is not at times very factual and leaves room for questioning. Yet Szatmary writes a piece of literature that uses actual facts and times to convince the reader that his book is completely legitimate. Celia a Slave probably very closely portrays what actually may have happened to Celia. He used the information he did gather and put it all together and wrote a very close account of her story. However, he uses many assumptions and questionable documentation in this book. In chapter two he states ââ¬Å"Precisely what occurredâ⬠¦after Newsom entered the cabin is unclearâ⬠¦It is reasonable to assumeâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ There is no need to go any further. Melton states himself that exactly what occurred is unclear, yet it is reasonable to assume. That is the key word, assume. He is not always writing sound accounts but yet makes assumptions. It isnââ¬â¢t clear what happened when he entered her cabin, and yes, one can assume based on their own feelings if put in that situation, how Celia felt, but there is no room for conjectures and guesses when writing a nonfiction piece about a part of history. He then goes on to say ââ¬Å"What Celia, a slave, felt at that moment is n ot recorded, but she would have understood that the boy was inhaling his grandfatherââ¬â¢s remains even as he cleaned the ashes from the fireplaceâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ Once again, what Celia felt is not really recorded, Melton just makes just makes a guess at her feelings. This proves that Celia a Slave was written from a biased sta... Free Essays on Shay'a Rebellion-a Much Better Documentation Free Essays on Shay'a Rebellion-a Much Better Documentation Shayââ¬â¢s Rebellion: A Much Better Documentation Authors each use their own unique narration and documentation when writing a book about a piece of history, such as Celia a Slave or Shaysââ¬â¢ Rebellion. Melton McLaurin, the author of Celia a Slave, uses much more guesswork and ââ¬Å"he-said she-saidâ⬠documentation rather than actual sound facts. However, David Szatmary, author of Shaysââ¬â¢ Rebellion, uses much more first hand, factual information. Meltonââ¬â¢s Celia a Slave is not at times very factual and leaves room for questioning. Yet Szatmary writes a piece of literature that uses actual facts and times to convince the reader that his book is completely legitimate. Celia a Slave probably very closely portrays what actually may have happened to Celia. He used the information he did gather and put it all together and wrote a very close account of her story. However, he uses many assumptions and questionable documentation in this book. In chapter two he states ââ¬Å"Precisely what occurredâ⬠¦after Newsom entered the cabin is unclearâ⬠¦It is reasonable to assumeâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ There is no need to go any further. Melton states himself that exactly what occurred is unclear, yet it is reasonable to assume. That is the key word, assume. He is not always writing sound accounts but yet makes assumptions. It isnââ¬â¢t clear what happened when he entered her cabin, and yes, one can assume based on their own feelings if put in that situation, how Celia felt, but there is no room for conjectures and guesses when writing a nonfiction piece about a part of history. He then goes on to say ââ¬Å"What Celia, a slave, felt at that moment is n ot recorded, but she would have understood that the boy was inhaling his grandfatherââ¬â¢s remains even as he cleaned the ashes from the fireplaceâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ Once again, what Celia felt is not really recorded, Melton just makes just makes a guess at her feelings. This proves that Celia a Slave was written from a biased sta...
Thursday, March 5, 2020
Praying Mantis Egg Case
Praying Mantis Egg Case Have you ever found a brown, Styrofoam-like mass on a shrub in your garden? As the leaves begin to fall in autumn, people often find these odd-looking formations on their garden plants and wonder what they are. Many people guess that its a cocoon of some kind. Although this is a sign of insect activity, its not a cocoon. This foamy structure is the egg case of a praying mantis. Soon after mating, a female praying mantis deposits a mass of eggs on a twig or other suitable structure. She may lay just a few dozen eggs or as many as four hundred at one time. Using special accessory glands on her abdomen, the mother mantid then covers her eggs with a frothy substance, which hardens quickly to a consistency similar to Styrofoam. This egg case is called an ootheca. A single female mantid may produce several oothecae (the plural of ootheca) after mating just once. Praying mantids typically lay their eggs in late summer or fall, and the young develop within the ootheca over the winter months. The foamy case insulates the offspring from the cold and provides them with some protection from predators. Tiny mantid nymphs hatch from their eggs while still inside the egg case. Depending on environmental variables and the species, the nymphs may take 3-6 months to emerge from the ootheca. In spring or early summer, the young mantids make their way out of the protective foam case, hungry and ready to hunt other small invertebrates. They immediately begin to disperse in search of food. If you find an ootheca in the fall or winter, you may be tempted to bring it indoors. Be forewarned that the warmth of your home will feel like spring to the baby mantids waiting to emerge! You probably dont want 400 miniature mantids running up your walls. If you do collect an ootheca in the hope of watching it hatch, keep it in your refrigerator to simulate winter temperatures, or better yet, in an unheated shed or detached garage. When spring arrives, you can place the ootheca in a terrarium or box to observe the emergence. But dont keep the young nymphs confined. They emerge in hunting mode and will eat their siblings without hesitation. Let them disperse in your garden, where they will help with pest control. Its usually possible to identify the mantid species by its egg case. If youre interested in identifying mantid egg cases you find, includes photographs of the most common mantid oothecae found in North America. The egg caseà shown above is from a Chinese mantid (Tenodera sinensisà sinensis). This species is a native of China and other parts ofà Asia but is well-established in North America. Commercial biocontrol suppliers sell Chinese mantid egg cases to gardeners and nurseries who want to use mantids for pest control. Sources Tracks and Sign of Insects and Other Invertebrates, by Charley Eiseman and Noah CharneyBugs Rule: An Introduction to the World of Insects, by Whitney Cranshaw and Richard RedakPraying Mantid Care Sheet, Amateur Entomologists Society website. Accessed online September 15, 2014.Ootheca, Amateur Entomologists Society website. Accessed online September 15, 2014.Carolina Mantid Ootheca, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, website. Accessed online September 15, 2014.Ootheca, Museum Victoria website. à Accessed online September 15, 2014.Subspecies Tenodera sinensis sinensis - Chinese Mantis, Bugguide.net. Accessed online September 15, 2014.
Monday, February 17, 2020
Visiting a kindergarten Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Visiting a kindergarten - Essay Example Like a real Snow White but with yellow hair not black. Most of the people that I know are different shades of brown but Sarah was from the mainland where all the really white people come from. Sarah had the whitest skin I ever saw and polka dots on her nose and cheeks. She couldnââ¬â¢t play rough on the playground because her white skin was very soft. I know because one time, when she accidentally fell down, she got these really big purple spots on her legs that she said were bruises, but they werenââ¬â¢t like any bruises I ever saw before they were so dark, and she said it happened all the time. When I looked at her and how the sun glowed through her yellow hair, though, it didnââ¬â¢t make any sense to me that Snow White could have black hair because Sara made a much better Snow White. Yes, she definitely did. If I visited too much in class, Sister Mary Joseph would call me up to her desk and have me hold out my left hand. I knew what was about to happen so I would always l ook at Sarah. That way, I wouldnââ¬â¢t cry. All the other girls would look sad and down at their hands, thanking god the father that it wasnââ¬â¢t them, but not Sarah. Sarah always looked right at me, and then she would smile like Snow White ââ¬â sweet, soft, and comforting. She always seemed to know just how I felt. When it was pau, I would go back to my seat and she would stroke the top of my hand until the pain in my palm went away. Thatââ¬â¢s how the magic started. One day, after I got smacked.
Monday, February 3, 2020
Data collection are concerned that this practice violates the privacy Essay
Data collection are concerned that this practice violates the privacy of individuals - Essay Example It is therefore due to this fact that this study is aimed at analyzing whether it is morally permissible for data companies to collect and sell information from peopleââ¬â¢s public social media profiles . According to Solove (2011), data and statistics have become integral part of organizational growth. Due to increased market competition across the world, companies and business organizations are ever carrying research and collecting data on how they should improve quality of products or services which they offer. However, the process of data collection is currently becoming very expensive. As a result, people are looking for cheap alternative means through which they can obtain data so that they can improve quality of their goods or services. There are many rules and regulations that govern data collection. Means of data or information collection are supposed to be ethical and acceptable by all parties involved. Depending on the means, and terms and conditions used to collect inf ormation, data collection companies are allowed to sell information or data which they have acquired legally with permission of all parties involved (Jinbonet 2013). ... According to rules and regulations governing research and data collection, all participants or people being studied are supposed to be aware of the aim of the study, transfer of information collected and the maximum number or people or groups who will see. This will enable them to accept or decline, and even to choose the type of information they should offer or not. However, when an individual is creating a profile on social media, he/she limits people who can view and read the information provided. It is therefore, immoral, illegal and unconstitutional for data collecting companies to collect and sell information from peopleââ¬â¢s public social media profiles without their awareness. Regardless of whether information collected from social media profiles will have positive or negative impacts on the companies which buy it, it is morally unacceptable for data companies to collect and sell information from peopleââ¬â¢s public social media profiles. This is not only because it af fects their privacy but also because it is equally to stealing just like in the case of NASSCOM (A Big Brother 2013). With modern technological advancements, companies which buy data from data collection companies can use this information to fraud people whose information was collected it (Jinbonet 2013). There have been many cases where people have lost millions of money and properties through online fraud. This is because the information collected from profiles can be used to borrow loans or other issues that will leave many people with losses. A Big Brother (2013) asserts that however, it is morally permissible for data companies to collect and sell information from peopleââ¬â¢s public social media profiles provided that they have consulted
Sunday, January 26, 2020
Determination of Gold Nanoparticle Sizes
Determination of Gold Nanoparticle Sizes Daron Chua Synopsis In this experiment, the objectives of this experiment was to understand the diverse applications of gold nanoparticles and to synthersize Colloidal gold nanoparticles by liquid chemical method. Z-average of nanoparticles for the reddish solution and the greyish solution was 60.86 and 50.40 respectively. However it was noted that there were impurities in the solution hence affecting the Z-average. As such, the colour of the solution and the Z-average did not tally. It was discovered that by adding salt into the solutions there will be colour change. This is due to NaCl aggregating the nanoparticles together. This causes the nanoparticles to absorb the red light hence reflecting the solution in a more blue colour. Other methods of forming gold nanoparticles and a diverse application for gold nanoparticles were noted. Introduction The objectives of this experiment was to understand the diverse applications of gold nanoparticles. Colloidal gold nanoparticles were synthesized by means of liquid chemical method. Theory Liquid Chemical Method Most of the gold nanoparticles are produced in a liquid (liquid chemical methods) byreduction of hydrogen tetrachloroautate (H[AuCl4]). By dissolving H[AuCl4], the solution is rapidly stirred while a reducing agent is being added. This causes Au3+ ions to be reduced to neutral goldatoms. As more and more of these gold atoms form, the solution becomes supersaturated, and gold gradually starts toprecipitatein the form of sub-nanometer particles. The rest of the gold atoms that form stick to the existing particles, and, if the solution is stirred vigorously enough, the particles will be fairly uniform in size showing the solution as red.To prevent the particles from aggregating, some sort of stabilizing agent that sticks to the nanoparticle surface is usually added. Also, gold colloids can be synthesized without stabilizers bylaser ablationsin liquids. They can be functionalized with various organic ligands to create organic-inorganic hybrids with advanced functionality. Several methods that revolve around this idea are Turkevich method, brust method and perrault method, etc. Gold Nanoparticles Colloidal goldis a suspension particles ofgoldin a fluid, usually water. The liquid is usually either an intense red colour (for particles less than 100nm) or blue/purple (for larger particles). As particle size increases, the wavelength of surface plasmon resonance related absorption shifts to longer, redder wavelengths. Red light is then absorbed, and blue light is reflected, yielding solutions with a pale blue or purple color. A change in temperature will also affect which the gold to be at a different energy band. The diameter of gold nanoparticles determines the Wavelength of light absorbed as shown on the diagram illustrated above. Procedures Stock Solution 0.1g of H[AuCl4] was dissolved in 500ml distilled water to obtain 1.0mM hydrogen tetrachloroautate. 0.5g of Na3C6H5O7.2H2O (trisodium citrate dehydrate) was dissolved in 50ml of distilled water to obtain 1% concentration. 0.5g of NaCl was dissolved in 10ml of distilled water. Experiment 20ml of 1.0mM H[AuCl4] was added to a conical flask. The conical flask was placed in a stirring hot plate and a magnetic stir bar was added. 2 samples were prepared. One was stirred continuously even it was at boiling point. The other sample stopped stirring once it was boiled. 2ml of 1% solution of trisodium citrate dehydrate was then added to the boiling solution. Gold Sol was gradually formed as citrate reduces the gold (III). Presence of a colloidal suspension was observed by the reflection of a laser beam from the particles. The solution of both samples were being transferred to two test tubes. 5 10 drops of 1M NaCl solution was added into one of the test tubes and the color change of the solution was being observed. The two solutions in the test tubes were being filtered with a 0.45 um syringe filter. The solutions were subsequently transferred into a sample holder. The Malvern Zetasizer Nano S Light scattering equipment was used to measure the size of the nanoparticles in the two sample holder. (0.47 refractive index was used.) Results Results as follows : Solution with spin even at boiling point : Colour observed : Reddish Brown Size of Gold nanoparticle : 63.77 with 3 peaks Peak 1 : 41.1, Peak 2 : 433.2, Peak 3 : 3913 Solution without spin at boiling point : Colour observed : Greyish / Bluish / Clear Size of Gold nanoparticle : 53.31 with 3 peaks Peak 1 : 143.9, Peak 2 : 1.651, Peak 3 : 3213 Calculation Standard Calibration 67.54nm 63.63nm = 2.91nm Size of Gold nanoparticle (Reddish/Brown) Z-Average 63.77nm 2.91nm = 60.86 nm Size of Gold nanoparticle (Greyish/Blue) Z-Average 53.31nm 2.91 nm = 50.40 nm Discussion From the results, Z average for the reddish brown solution was calculated at 60.86nm, while the greyish/blue was calculated at 50.40nm. With reference to theory, the results concluded by Z-average is inaccurate. By right, anything at the blue shift is of a larger particle size. By reading off the highest intensity peaks of both graphs of red and blue solutions, size of particles were 41.1nm and 143.9nm respectively. Ideally 1 peak in the chart would be best. Other peaks that affected the Z-average were probably impurities. This error may be due to carelessness of assuming all equipments provided for the experiment were clean. Hence there could be dirt or dust trapped whatsoever. In order to obtain even smaller particle sizes, adding of all solutions should have been done slowly, for example adding trisodium citrate drop by drop, allowing the droplet to fully react with the solution before adding in another. With that, the mixing part is no doubt the most crucial process parameter of the experiment. Other factors that affect particle sizes are mixing time and temperature and concentration. Different temperatures within the reaction will cause heat and mass transfer gradients. A low concentration of solution will yield too low of a result and lastly for our case, mixing time. Insufficient mixing time/stoppage of mixing will disallow the nanoparticles to disperse. Hence having a larger particle size. 1. Explain the functions of trisodium citrate used in this experiment. In this experiment, Trisodium citrate acts as an reducing agent to reduce hydrogen tetrachloroautate in order to produce spheroidal gold paticles. In general, the greater the concentration and power of the reducing agent. The smaller the resultant gold particles in the suspension. 2. Account for the colour change observed in step 4.6 In step 4.6 of the practical booklet, NaCl solution is added into the solution causing a colour change. By adding NaCl into the solution, it causes the gold nanoparticle surface charge to turn neutral, causing the nanoparticle to aggregate. As a result the solution colour changes from red to black blue. As for the greyish bluish solution, it turns to a even clearer solution. A larger particle size will cause absorption of the red light hence reflecting the solution as blue. 3. State two other synthesis methods for gold nanoparticles beside the liquid chemical method. Sonolysis One method for the experimental generation of gold particles is by sonolysis. The process is based on ultrasound. It uses the reaction of an aqueous solution of HAuCl4withglucose. The reducing agentsare hydroxyl radicals and sugar pyrolysis radicals. The morphology obtained is that of nanoribbons with width 30ââ¬â50nm and length of several micrometers. These ribbons are very flexible and can bend with angles larger than 90à °. When glucose is being replaced by cyclodetrin (a glucose oligomer), only spherical gold particles are obtained. Block Copolymer-mediated Method Other method for gold nanoparticles is by using a block copolymer.In this synthesis methodology, block copolymer plays the dual role of a reducing agent as well as a stabilizing agent. The formation of gold nanoparticles comprises three main steps: reduction of gold salt ion by block copolymers in the solution and formation of gold clusters, adsorption of block copolymers on gold clusters, and further reduction of gold salt ions on the surfaces of these gold clusters for the growth of gold particles in steps. This method usually has a limited-yield (nanoparticle concentration), which does not increase with the increase in the gold salt concentration. Recently a test has been done that by adding trisodium citrate in 1:1 molar ratio increases the gold formation by many gold. 4. Cite some other application in addition to those mentioned under introduction. Electronics Gold nanoparticles are designed for use as conductors from printable inks to electronic chips. As the world of electronics become smaller, nanoparticles are important components in the chip design. Nanoscale gold nanoparticles are being used to connect resistors, conductors, and other elements of an electronic chip. Probe Gold nanoparticles are relatively dense, making them useful as probes for transmission electron microscopy. Catalyst Gold nanoparticles are used as catalysts in a number of chemical reactions. The surface of a gold nanoparticle can be used for selective oxidation or in certain cases the surface can reduce a reaction (nitrogen oxides). Gold nanoparticles are being developed for fuel cell applications. These technologies would be useful in the automotive and display industry. Conclusion In conclusion, the experiment was not very successful as there were impurities in the solution. Hence the Z average was being affected. However objectives were met as colloidal gold was being synthesized and applications of gold particles were also understood. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidal_gold http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/materials-science/nanomaterials/gold-nanoparticles.html http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/9.html http://clustertwo.org/Shaowei Chen lectures/Cluster 2 lecture 2.pdf http://www.ivdtechnology.com/article/manufacturing-high-quality-gold-sol
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Molecular Modeling
MOLECULAR MODELING 1. Objectives ? Predictthe shape of identified compounds; ? Construct molecular models of identified compounds; and ? Determine the molecular structure of identified compounds. 2. Theory Building models of molecules are useful for visualizing how atoms are connected in three-dimensional space called molecular geometry, which is best predicted by Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSPER) theory. The following are the sets of rules summarizing thsi theory: ? Consider molecules and ions where two or more atoms are bonded to a central atom. The electron pairs in the valence shell of the central atom are assumed to position as far apart as possible because electron pair repels one another. The shape of the molecule or ion is a result of the electron-pair repulsion. ? All the valence-shell electron pairs of the central atom are considered both the pairs that form covalent bonds (called bonding pairs) and the pairs that are unshared (called nonbonding pairs or lone pa irs). ? The nonbonding pairs help to determine the position of the atoms in the molecule or ion.Valence ââ¬âShell-Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory allows the chemist to predict 3-dimensional shape of molecules from knowledge of their Lewis Dot Structure. In VESPR theory, the position of bound atoms (ligands0 and electron pairs are described relative to a central atom. Once the ligands and lone pair electrons are positioned, the resulting geometrical shape presented by the atoms only (ignoring lone pairs) is used to describe the molecule. Electron Density and Molecular Geometry | d(Be-Cl) = 0,117 nm? = 180 à °| | | Linear (B-F) = 0,130 nm ? = 120 à ° Triangular Planar d(S-O) = 0,150 nm ? = 109 . 5à ° Tetrahedral | | d(P-Cleq) = 0,202 nmd(P-Clax) = 0,214 nm? (ClPCl) = 90 à ° ;à ? (ClPCl) = 120 à °| Triangular Biplanar | | d(Xe-F) = 0,190 nm? = 90à °| Octahedral 3. Apparatus and Materials 2- Modeling Clay (diff. colors) 1 ââ¬â Wire (3mm. diameter, 5ft. long) 1- Pr otractor 4. Procedure 4. 1. Determine the molecular structure of the compounds listed in the table. 4. 2 Fill the table provided for the experiment. 4. 3 Construct the molecular models for each compound. 4. 3. Use color for the central atom diff. from the attached atoms. Use one color for the attached atoms. 4. 3. 2 Make a 2-inch diameter central atom X and ? inch diameter for the attached atoms Y. 4. 3. 3 Cut the wire into 3 inches long. 4. 3. 4 Attach the central atom X to the Y atoms based on the arrangement. 5. MolecularFormula| BondAngles| MolecularStructure| No. ofBond Pairs| No. ofLone Pairs| AngularGeometry| BeCl2| 180à °| | 2| 0| Linear| BF3| 120à °| | 3| 0| TrigonalPlanar| SO4| 109. 5à °| | 4| 0| Tetrahedral| PCl5| 120à °| | 5| 0| TriangularBipyramidal|XeF6| 90à °| | 6| 0| Octahedral| 6. Questions 1. What is valence electron? Give its importance. In chemistry,à valence electronsà are theà electronsà of anà atomà that can participate in the formation ofà chemica bondsà with other atoms. Valence electrons are their ââ¬Å"ownâ⬠electrons, present in the free neutral atom, that combine with valence electrons of other atoms to form chemical bonds. In a singleà covalent bondà both atoms contribute one valence electron to form aà shared pair. Forà main group elements, only the outermost electrons are valence electrons.Inà transition metals, some inner-shell electrons are also valence electrons. Valence electrons can determine the element's chemical properties and if it will bond with others or not. When two atoms approach each other and react with each other, it is their outer shells that come into contact first, and it is therefore the electrons in their outer shells that are normally involved in any chemical reaction. So it is the number of electrons in an atomââ¬â¢s outer shell that determines, to a large extent, how that element will react chemically.
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