Determination of Gold Nanoparticle Sizes

Determination of Gold Nanoparticle Sizes Daron Chua Synopsis In this experiment, the objectives of this experiment was to understand the diverse applications of gold nanoparticles and to synthersize Colloidal gold nanoparticles by liquid chemical method. Z-average of nanoparticles for the reddish solution and the greyish solution was 60.86 and 50.40 respectively. However it was noted that there were impurities in the solution hence affecting the Z-average. As such, the colour of the solution and the Z-average did not tally. It was discovered that by adding salt into the solutions there will be colour change. This is due to NaCl aggregating the nanoparticles together. This causes the nanoparticles to absorb the red light hence reflecting the solution in a more blue colour. Other methods of forming gold nanoparticles and a diverse application for gold nanoparticles were noted. Introduction The objectives of this experiment was to understand the diverse applications of gold nanoparticles. Colloidal gold nanoparticles were synthesized by means of liquid chemical method. Theory Liquid Chemical Method Most of the gold nanoparticles are produced in a liquid (liquid chemical methods) byreduction of hydrogen tetrachloroautate (H[AuCl4]). By dissolving H[AuCl4], the solution is rapidly stirred while a reducing agent is being added. This causes Au3+ ions to be reduced to neutral goldatoms. As more and more of these gold atoms form, the solution becomes supersaturated, and gold gradually starts toprecipitatein the form of sub-nanometer particles. The rest of the gold atoms that form stick to the existing particles, and, if the solution is stirred vigorously enough, the particles will be fairly uniform in size showing the solution as red.To prevent the particles from aggregating, some sort of stabilizing agent that sticks to the nanoparticle surface is usually added. Also, gold colloids can be synthesized without stabilizers bylaser ablationsin liquids. They can be functionalized with various organic ligands to create organic-inorganic hybrids with advanced functionality. Several methods that revolve around this idea are Turkevich method, brust method and perrault method, etc. Gold Nanoparticles Colloidal goldis a suspension particles ofgoldin a fluid, usually water. The liquid is usually either an intense red colour (for particles less than 100nm) or blue/purple (for larger particles). As particle size increases, the wavelength of surface plasmon resonance related absorption shifts to longer, redder wavelengths. Red light is then absorbed, and blue light is reflected, yielding solutions with a pale blue or purple color. A change in temperature will also affect which the gold to be at a different energy band. The diameter of gold nanoparticles determines the Wavelength of light absorbed as shown on the diagram illustrated above. Procedures Stock Solution 0.1g of H[AuCl4] was dissolved in 500ml distilled water to obtain 1.0mM hydrogen tetrachloroautate. 0.5g of Na3C6H5O7.2H2O (trisodium citrate dehydrate) was dissolved in 50ml of distilled water to obtain 1% concentration. 0.5g of NaCl was dissolved in 10ml of distilled water. Experiment 20ml of 1.0mM H[AuCl4] was added to a conical flask. The conical flask was placed in a stirring hot plate and a magnetic stir bar was added. 2 samples were prepared. One was stirred continuously even it was at boiling point. The other sample stopped stirring once it was boiled. 2ml of 1% solution of trisodium citrate dehydrate was then added to the boiling solution. Gold Sol was gradually formed as citrate reduces the gold (III). Presence of a colloidal suspension was observed by the reflection of a laser beam from the particles. The solution of both samples were being transferred to two test tubes. 5 10 drops of 1M NaCl solution was added into one of the test tubes and the color change of the solution was being observed. The two solutions in the test tubes were being filtered with a 0.45 um syringe filter. The solutions were subsequently transferred into a sample holder. The Malvern Zetasizer Nano S Light scattering equipment was used to measure the size of the nanoparticles in the two sample holder. (0.47 refractive index was used.) Results Results as follows : Solution with spin even at boiling point : Colour observed : Reddish Brown Size of Gold nanoparticle : 63.77 with 3 peaks Peak 1 : 41.1, Peak 2 : 433.2, Peak 3 : 3913 Solution without spin at boiling point : Colour observed : Greyish / Bluish / Clear Size of Gold nanoparticle : 53.31 with 3 peaks Peak 1 : 143.9, Peak 2 : 1.651, Peak 3 : 3213 Calculation Standard Calibration 67.54nm 63.63nm = 2.91nm Size of Gold nanoparticle (Reddish/Brown) Z-Average 63.77nm 2.91nm = 60.86 nm Size of Gold nanoparticle (Greyish/Blue) Z-Average 53.31nm 2.91 nm = 50.40 nm Discussion From the results, Z average for the reddish brown solution was calculated at 60.86nm, while the greyish/blue was calculated at 50.40nm. With reference to theory, the results concluded by Z-average is inaccurate. By right, anything at the blue shift is of a larger particle size. By reading off the highest intensity peaks of both graphs of red and blue solutions, size of particles were 41.1nm and 143.9nm respectively. Ideally 1 peak in the chart would be best. Other peaks that affected the Z-average were probably impurities. This error may be due to carelessness of assuming all equipments provided for the experiment were clean. Hence there could be dirt or dust trapped whatsoever. In order to obtain even smaller particle sizes, adding of all solutions should have been done slowly, for example adding trisodium citrate drop by drop, allowing the droplet to fully react with the solution before adding in another. With that, the mixing part is no doubt the most crucial process parameter of the experiment. Other factors that affect particle sizes are mixing time and temperature and concentration. Different temperatures within the reaction will cause heat and mass transfer gradients. A low concentration of solution will yield too low of a result and lastly for our case, mixing time. Insufficient mixing time/stoppage of mixing will disallow the nanoparticles to disperse. Hence having a larger particle size. 1. Explain the functions of trisodium citrate used in this experiment. In this experiment, Trisodium citrate acts as an reducing agent to reduce hydrogen tetrachloroautate in order to produce spheroidal gold paticles. In general, the greater the concentration and power of the reducing agent. The smaller the resultant gold particles in the suspension. 2. Account for the colour change observed in step 4.6 In step 4.6 of the practical booklet, NaCl solution is added into the solution causing a colour change. By adding NaCl into the solution, it causes the gold nanoparticle surface charge to turn neutral, causing the nanoparticle to aggregate. As a result the solution colour changes from red to black blue. As for the greyish bluish solution, it turns to a even clearer solution. A larger particle size will cause absorption of the red light hence reflecting the solution as blue. 3. State two other synthesis methods for gold nanoparticles beside the liquid chemical method. Sonolysis One method for the experimental generation of gold particles is by sonolysis. The process is based on ultrasound. It uses the reaction of an aqueous solution of HAuCl4withglucose. The reducing agentsare hydroxyl radicals and sugar pyrolysis radicals. The morphology obtained is that of nanoribbons with width 30–50nm and length of several micrometers. These ribbons are very flexible and can bend with angles larger than 90Â °. When glucose is being replaced by cyclodetrin (a glucose oligomer), only spherical gold particles are obtained. Block Copolymer-mediated Method Other method for gold nanoparticles is by using a block copolymer.In this synthesis methodology, block copolymer plays the dual role of a reducing agent as well as a stabilizing agent. The formation of gold nanoparticles comprises three main steps: reduction of gold salt ion by block copolymers in the solution and formation of gold clusters, adsorption of block copolymers on gold clusters, and further reduction of gold salt ions on the surfaces of these gold clusters for the growth of gold particles in steps. This method usually has a limited-yield (nanoparticle concentration), which does not increase with the increase in the gold salt concentration. Recently a test has been done that by adding trisodium citrate in 1:1 molar ratio increases the gold formation by many gold. 4. Cite some other application in addition to those mentioned under introduction. Electronics Gold nanoparticles are designed for use as conductors from printable inks to electronic chips. As the world of electronics become smaller, nanoparticles are important components in the chip design. Nanoscale gold nanoparticles are being used to connect resistors, conductors, and other elements of an electronic chip. Probe Gold nanoparticles are relatively dense, making them useful as probes for transmission electron microscopy. Catalyst Gold nanoparticles are used as catalysts in a number of chemical reactions. The surface of a gold nanoparticle can be used for selective oxidation or in certain cases the surface can reduce a reaction (nitrogen oxides). Gold nanoparticles are being developed for fuel cell applications. These technologies would be useful in the automotive and display industry. Conclusion In conclusion, the experiment was not very successful as there were impurities in the solution. Hence the Z average was being affected. However objectives were met as colloidal gold was being synthesized and applications of gold particles were also understood. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidal_gold http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/materials-science/nanomaterials/gold-nanoparticles.html http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/9.html http://clustertwo.org/Shaowei Chen lectures/Cluster 2 lecture 2.pdf http://www.ivdtechnology.com/article/manufacturing-high-quality-gold-sol

Molecular Modeling

MOLECULAR MODELING 1. Objectives ? Predictthe shape of identified compounds; ? Construct molecular models of identified compounds; and ? Determine the molecular structure of identified compounds. 2. Theory Building models of molecules are useful for visualizing how atoms are connected in three-dimensional space called molecular geometry, which is best predicted by Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSPER) theory. The following are the sets of rules summarizing thsi theory: ? Consider molecules and ions where two or more atoms are bonded to a central atom. The electron pairs in the valence shell of the central atom are assumed to position as far apart as possible because electron pair repels one another. The shape of the molecule or ion is a result of the electron-pair repulsion. ? All the valence-shell electron pairs of the central atom are considered both the pairs that form covalent bonds (called bonding pairs) and the pairs that are unshared (called nonbonding pairs or lone pa irs). ? The nonbonding pairs help to determine the position of the atoms in the molecule or ion.Valence –Shell-Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory allows the chemist to predict 3-dimensional shape of molecules from knowledge of their Lewis Dot Structure. In VESPR theory, the position of bound atoms (ligands0 and electron pairs are described relative to a central atom. Once the ligands and lone pair electrons are positioned, the resulting geometrical shape presented by the atoms only (ignoring lone pairs) is used to describe the molecule. Electron Density and Molecular Geometry | d(Be-Cl) = 0,117 nm? = 180  °| | | Linear (B-F) = 0,130 nm ? = 120  ° Triangular Planar d(S-O) = 0,150 nm ? = 109 . 5 ° Tetrahedral | | d(P-Cleq) = 0,202 nmd(P-Clax) = 0,214 nm? (ClPCl) = 90  ° ;  ? (ClPCl) = 120  °| Triangular Biplanar | | d(Xe-F) = 0,190 nm? = 90 °| Octahedral 3. Apparatus and Materials 2- Modeling Clay (diff. colors) 1 – Wire (3mm. diameter, 5ft. long) 1- Pr otractor 4. Procedure 4. 1. Determine the molecular structure of the compounds listed in the table. 4. 2 Fill the table provided for the experiment. 4. 3 Construct the molecular models for each compound. 4. 3. Use color for the central atom diff. from the attached atoms. Use one color for the attached atoms. 4. 3. 2 Make a 2-inch diameter central atom X and ? inch diameter for the attached atoms Y. 4. 3. 3 Cut the wire into 3 inches long. 4. 3. 4 Attach the central atom X to the Y atoms based on the arrangement. 5. MolecularFormula| BondAngles| MolecularStructure| No. ofBond Pairs| No. ofLone Pairs| AngularGeometry| BeCl2| 180 °| | 2| 0| Linear| BF3| 120 °| | 3| 0| TrigonalPlanar| SO4| 109. 5 °| | 4| 0| Tetrahedral| PCl5| 120 °| | 5| 0| TriangularBipyramidal|XeF6| 90 °| | 6| 0| Octahedral| 6. Questions 1. What is valence electron? Give its importance. In chemistry,  valence electrons  are the  electrons  of an  atom  that can participate in the formation of   chemica bonds  with other atoms. Valence electrons are their â€Å"own† electrons, present in the free neutral atom, that combine with valence electrons of other atoms to form chemical bonds. In a single  covalent bond  both atoms contribute one valence electron to form a  shared pair. For  main group elements, only the outermost electrons are valence electrons.In  transition metals, some inner-shell electrons are also valence electrons. Valence electrons can determine the element's chemical properties and if it will bond with others or not. When two atoms approach each other and react with each other, it is their outer shells that come into contact first, and it is therefore the electrons in their outer shells that are normally involved in any chemical reaction. So it is the number of electrons in an atom’s outer shell that determines, to a large extent, how that element will react chemically.

Why People Arent Talking About Essay Writing Samples for 3rd Grade in Georgia Milestones

Why People Aren't Talking About Essay Writing Samples for 3rd Grade in Georgia Milestones It occurred around the start of April in 1988. It is crucial to design the curriculum remembering the developmental characteristics of 8 9 year olds and the milestones that they ought to achieve by the conclusion of the academic calendar year. Then you and your kid can employ your observation skills to try and guess what the picture is. Third grade is the year you would like your student to realize that reading will be a huge portion of their school lives for quite some time. Receive all the books you may get your hands on. Us the folks should step up and make that change which everyone would like to see. And so, I was tasked with helping students develop not just physical abilities but group participation skills also. Have the courage to get and express your specific talents. You will always have your favourite titles, but some years, your classroom library wants a refresh to fulfill everybody's needs. Then children have an opportunity to share'. By the close of the calendar year, your kid will learn how to find meaning in both fiction and non-fiction stories. He or she will learn to use reading as a way to enter other worlds. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Essay Writing Samples for 3rd Grade in Georgia Milestones And if you'd like a person to take part in a specific job or action the most, a variable rewardor reinforcement should become your selection. As the third grader starts to comprehend how to retain knowledge from reading, a variety of doors start to open up. I experimented with a number of unique elements to our day! Do not worry when this is your very first time taking the tests. Your day-to-day schedule may be decided by your administration. There's a period after home', because it's the conclusion of a sentence t hat's a statement. There's a period after tree', because it's the conclusion of a sentence that's a statement. There's a period after them', because it's the conclusion of a sentence that's a statement. Also, individual, silent reading is going to be a normal habit. She may use the collage to fix the issue and explain how she solved it. It's a difficult reality to face. Look at these strategies for organizing interactive notebooks from another wonderful 3rd grade blogger. We've provided below a sample of the very first week from the syllabus together with a list of the books utilised in the syllabus. The very best picture books are so a lot more than they appear. This page can help you create a workable daily schedule that maximizes every moment you've got with your students. Find out more about the topic on the internet or in a book together and then make an informative piece, explaining a topic or the way to do something. A small amount of experimentation with teaching methodology is never a poor thing! A teacher who's going to teach a lesson on the digestive system must first start looking for resources on this subject. I mentioned, You're right, terrific observation. So you ought to have no problem locating a selection of reading material that your third grader will discover interesting and engaging but which you will also find educational. Folks inherently search for patterns to aid with recognizing an object. The truth isn't going to be covered up. The web is a valuable resource for a great many homeschooling parents and teachers who want to draft the 3rd grade curriculum. A student in Florida may learn very different subjects in very different ways a student in California. Students investigate their function for a citizen of Louisiana. Third graders aren't too old for morning meeting. They also begin to study fractions. They love to be read to. Teachers know about test anxiety and attempt to create the exams simple. With the great number of lesson plans readily available online, it's important that teachers choose the most appropriate one for themselves. Students will learn more about the rehearsal process used to ready the ensemble for performance. In third grade, they can write at a more complex level.

Essay on Standardized Testing Is Counterproductive

Excessive testing has been integrated in the public school system to measure student intelligence, observe teacher proficiency, and distribute federal funds since the passage of the No Child Left behind Act (NCLBA) of 2001. The (NCLBA) ‘‘called for 100% of the nation’s public school students to become proficient in mathematics and reading by 2014’’ through the usage of standardized testing (Hanson 3). Since the inception of this policy there have been numerous issues involved in these tests. ‘‘Instead of providing equal access for all children, the frenetic use of mandated testing in schools and in teacher education is having the opposite effect’’ (Richardson 34). Standardized testing is an ineffective and outdated tool that creates a†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬Ëœin any large scale testing system, three kinds of errors are possible: errors of test construction (items with more than one correct response), error s of scoring (items marked wrong when they are right), and errors of reporting (reporting that 50 percent of students passed when actually 75 percent did)’’ (Nichols 143). A manmade test is susceptible to typos and other obstructions. Since they are scored by machines, errors and malfunctions can occur. Testing plays an important in student’s academic futures and needs to provide completely accurate information. Proponents in favor of standardized testing believe it is effective. ‘‘There is a fundamental assumption that test taking is a singular experience for students’’ (Ryan 5). Those in favor of it argue standardized testing is equally pushed onto every school in every state. In addition, that everyone has equal time to prepare for the tests. Therefor everyone is subjected to the same rules and regulations creating uniform equality. Other arguments in favor of testing state that tests provide information that helps improve schools. The scores from tests show what areas a student needs the most help in. Test results can show if a school needs to alter its teaching program. The strenuous environments prepare students for higher education, simultaneously forcing students to learn a wide array of material. Finally, that they strengthen a student’s work ethic and it preparesShow MoreRelatedThe New York City Department Of Education992 Words   |  4 Pagesfor students in the city’s struggling schools† (â€Å"Standardized Testing Is Counterproductive, Corrosive and Corrupting†). Several studies have detailed the damage and disruption the city’s closure policy had on struggling schools in high-need populations with significant academic challenges (Fruchter). Bloomberg’s education policies were guided by The No Child Left Behind law, which required standardized test-based school reform including annual testing, greater flexibility for states and increased teacherRead MoreEssay On The Standards Within Society1233 Words   |  5 Pagesstandards, change our expectations, and face the realities of the various problems. Nationalization of the system would allow for a federal set of standards for all public schools so that we can properly interpret the information we gather from standardized tests. We need to change the expectations we have for students and accept that not everyone does not have the same level o f intelligence and accommodate those differences. We need to also have better expectations for teachers, and in doing so reconsiderRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing794 Words   |  4 Pageswhy school testing should happen more frequently and why parents and teachers should be less fearful of standardized tests. For educators and parents, testing means standardized testing: a tool wielded by politicians and administrators to terrify children and teachers. When cognitive psychologists hear the word testing, they think immediately of the testing effect — one of the best learning strategies. In this quote, the authors make a separation between testing and standardized testing. They bringRead MoreEssay on The Correlation Between Homework and Academic Success 1524 Words   |  7 PagesAmple research has been done on the correlation between homework and academic success with many opposing views. Research has shown that homework can be linked to better grades, imp roved standardized test scores, and more prepared students entering the post-secondary arena; however, this correlation is weak and the opposition has equal ammunition to support that there is no correlation between homework and academic success. There have been movements to abolish homework as well as movements to increaseRead MoreStandardized Testing Is Not As Harmless1394 Words   |  6 Pages but they often only make it worse as they add to the ever increasing stress load of the impending doom of standardized testing. Standardized Testing is not as harmless as it seems. It often affects students on a mental level, making them extremely nervous, then breaking them down on a mental level. It also hurts the teachers in many ways, including temptation to cheat. Standardized testing is at a new high in America and is said to benefit students in many ways, including raising intelligence, howeverRead More The Controversy of Standardized Testing Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesThe Con troversy of Standardized Testing â€Å"No issue in the U.S. Education is more controversial than (standardized) testing. Some people view it as the linchpin of serious reform and improvement, others as a menace to quality teaching and learning† (Phelps). A tool that educators use to learn about students and their learning capabilities is the standardized test. Standardized tests are designed to give a common measure of a student’s performance. Popular tests include the SAT, IQ tests, RegentsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Standardized Testing1316 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves through five hours of gruelling testing. All of this nightmarish workload is completed just for the opportunity to attend a college of some recognition and ultimately gain a job in the workforce.   Ã‚  Ã‚   I think it can be agreed by all students that nobody enjoys the ludicrous amount of extra studying that is brought with these tests. It is only an added stress on an already tumultuous time of a young person’s life, and the modification of the standardized test should be seen as an important chapterRead MoreCase Study 3 Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Nikki Hoffman-Schepers Language and Standardized Testing In todays society, we continually see an influx in immigrants on an annual basis. The majority of these immigrant students are subsequently placed in English as a Second Language (ESL) courses due to their low skill level in the English language. Have ESL students in the classroom certainly raises more questions than it does answers, as teachers are faced with various new situations in helping ESL students better understand not only theRead MoreClassroom Makeover, By Cathy Davidson Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesand advanced. While the gifted and talented students are applauded for their intellectual capabilities and natural talents, other students are labeled as average or less skilled. Placement into these programs are rooted from the results of standardized testing, which students and teachers spend a great amount of time preparing for. Preparation for these exams alter the curriculum and objective for learning all together. Some education systems seem to focus more on teaching to test rather than teachingRead MoreThe Adaptable and Progressive Nation of the United States935 Words   |  4 Pagesthe other areas of the country has progressed. In fact, it has contradicted any sense of adaptability and progression, instead it has regressed. Testing as means of evaluation, from the first intelligent quotient to the stress of todays ACT, has been on a major upswing. The emphasis on measuring students mostly, almost exclusively, through testing cripples students and the country as a whole. Most, if not all, politicians run stating I am for education. However, that slogan can be translated

Fashion Buying And Merchandising Essay - 1981 Words

FASHION BUYING MERCHANDISING ESSAY Critically assess the benefits and the drawbacks of centralized buying within large high-street fashion retailers. What measures would you recommend to overcome the drawbacks? 1,576 words GEORGIA COLLINS 00124773 FASHION TECHNOLOGY FT3 FASHION BUYING MERCHANDISING E18BM ANDREW GRIEVE In the fashion industry centralised buying is used by many retailers, typically by larger High-street brands. Centralised buying or purchasing is a single buyer or buying department within a retail organisation that makes the purchases for all departments, to simplify the buying process. The company can use in-sourcing to maintain control over certain key elements of the organisation such as the buying function, manufacturing or transportation of products. Capital normally used to pay quotas, tax and transport fees will be saved. Alternatively, it can be outsourced to a retail cooperative that effectively uses bulk purchasing power to get products, raw materials or merchandise at a cheaper rate, in special deals or with an applied discount. Essentially, by using this method of buying economies of scale are effectively utilised. Both in-sourcing and outsourcing can be used within the organisation, leading to vertical integration where the supply chain of the organisation is owned by the company itself. For example, Zara own factories in Spain that produce materials used to manufacture garments, allowing them to dye or add specialShow MoreRelatedInternational Retail Buying Merchandising Essay2543 Words   |  11 PagesInternational Fashion Branding International Retail Buying amp; Merchandising ‘Evaluate the various buying structures that exist in order to support a retail buying function and the impact of these buying structures on the roles and responsibilities of the retail buyer. Use illustrative examples to support your answer.’ Within the retail environment customer satisfaction and company profitability are a crucial consideration in the merchandise choice of the buyer (Diamond amp; Pintel, 2008)Read MoreThe Fashion Industry and Advertising: The Positive and Negative Aspects Associated with Using Children as Models4381 Words   |  17 Pagesï » ¿Fashion Marketing Table of Contents Fashion Marketing 1 Abstract 2 Fashion Marketing 3 Conclusion 12 References 13 Abstract This research essay deciphers about the positive and negative aspects associated with using children as models in fashion industry and advertising. It is about the positive as well as negative aspects of this industry. It justifies the positive aspects and side by side highlights the negative features of using children in fashion industry and advertisementRead MoreThe Communication of Window Displays1713 Words   |  7 Pageshas its own concept that characterizes each display, varying from theatre, drama or in the case of Armani Exchange minimalism. Well-dressed windows are undoubtedly, a dynamic form of advertising for products reflecting the stores’ brand image. This essay seeks to evaluate how A|X Armani Exchange’s window displays communicate to spectators with the use of various resources. Armani Exchange is one of the sub-brands under the parental brand of Giorgio Armani. The use of colour, lighting, props and graphicsRead MoreEssay on Burberrys Resources and Capa bilities2579 Words   |  11 Pagescheck, and the ‘prorsum’ knight logo), and a deft creativity that ensure its designs are timeless.† (Vollmer and Premo, 2012) In 1998, Burberry has been described as â€Å"an outdated business with a fashion cachet of almost zero.† (Strategic Direction, 2005, P22) the product of trench coat of Burberry is a fashion classic, almost every designer tried to imitated, but still remind people about Burberry. Furthermore, the check pattern has become Burberry’s own signature, it use as the lining for the trenchRead MoreMarket segmentation of the Nike company 3635 Words   |  15 Pagesfrom various fields like engineers, software professionals, working executive etc. who effective form 38% of our database. While 36% were students from various fields. Others constitute designers and athletes etc. the further study is carried on the buying behavior of the above mentioned categories of consumer, which shows that our consumer is well educated and is very well informed about the product. (http://www.scribd.com/doc/34735893/A-Summer-Training-Report-on-Nike) Furthermore, in the survey conductedRead MoreMarket Audit and Competitive Market Analysis5771 Words   |  24 Pageswhilst virgin wool and cashmere is used in coats – as well as angora, mohair and alpaca. Boutique Largely made up of cashmere blends and silk- based fabrics, the Boutique collection is designed to build into the customer’s wardrobe. Although fashion-forward, the neutral colour palette and attention to style rather than trend ensures that timeless garments cross seasons and last for years. As part of Topshop Boutique, the company also collaborates with a host of up-and-coming design stars. FromRead Morecountry report on burberry Essay4154 Words   |  17 Pagesare directly operated. Pursuing operational excellence Burberry strives to pursue its goal to be recognized for operational excellence too. Burberry drove operational improvements with a main emphasis on information technology. merchandising, supply chain Merchandising Technology investment Burberry prioritized and leveraged technology investments across the business. A business intelligence team was formed for data management and reporting etc Replenishment and planning Assortment planningRead MoreMarks and Spencer Market Failings3542 Words   |  15 Pagescomparison with today’s current successful marketing strategies, tactics and new direction of â€Å"Marks and Spencer†. International Fashion Marketing Cara Hitchener 799200 Word Count: 2,685 Contents Introduction 2 Marks and Spencer Fashion Market Sector and Competitors 2 Proposed Future Strategies Read MoreWomens Fitness Magazines Essay5258 Words   |  22 Pagesperfect skin. According to the American Heart Associations BMI configuring, the three models mentioned in the beginning of this essay are all under a healthy weight and fat index. Yet these women are seen as healthy because their skinny image is validated by the magazines. Society has taught western culture to love the ‘jutting out’ of bones from our body (Brubach 51). In the essay â€Å"Reading the Slender Body† by philosophy professor Susan Bordo, she recalls a 20/20 show in which 10-year old boys were shownRead MoreTransportation and Logistics Management2535 Words   |  10 PagesTRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT 3 Transportation and Logistics management Transportation and Logistics management Introduction The global marketplace, which has matured and grown in dramatic fashion over the course of the past two decades, has unveiled many new problems that accompany such a rapid growth spurt. The global market now reflects a multitude of differing ideas, opinions and approaches to how a successful economy should operate. As a result, a lack of standardization and unification

Complicating Conditions of Pregnancy and Childbirth Free Essays

Maternal stays with complications were about fifty percent more costly $4,100 for non-delivery stays and $3,900 for delivery stays) than delivery stays without complications ($2,600). delivery-related complications accounted for $17. 4 billion, or nearly 5 percent of total hospital costs in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Complicating Conditions of Pregnancy and Childbirth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Among non-delivery maternal stays, the following conditions occurred at a rate of 100 or more for every 1,000 hospital stays: early or threatened labor, infections of the genitourinary tract, and hypertension, including eclampsia and pre-eclampsia. Among maternal stays with delivery, rate of 50 99 for every 1 ,OOO eliveries: umbilical cord complications, 1st and 2nd degree perineal lacerations, previous Csection, and abnormal fetal heart rate or rhythm. Patients 35 to 44 years accounted for 15 percent of maternal stays with complicating conditions (with or without delivery), but comprised only 1 percent of delivery stays without complicating conditions. Anne Elixhauser, Ph. D. and Lauren M. Wier, M. P. H. Introduction Complications during pregnancy can pose a serious risk to both maternal and infant health, and are associated with various adverse outcomes, including miscarriage, emorrhage, preterm labor, and low birth weight. An objective of the U. S. Department of Health Human Services’ Healthy People 2020 is to reduce maternal illness and complications related for labor and delivery. This Statistical Brief presents data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Nationwide Inpatient Sample (N’S) on pregnancy and childbirth hospitalizations with complicating conditions in 2008. All data are reported from the maternal perspective (i. e. , reflecting the experience of the mother, not the newborn). For the purpose of his Brief, †complicating conditions] include all ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes that are in the section entitled †Complications of 3 Pregnancy, Childbirth, and the Puerperium. This Brief presents information on hospital utilization and patient characteristics for the following types of hospital stays for: complicated pregnancy during which no delivery occurred (†non-delivery with complicating conditions]), delivery with complicated pregnancy or delivery (†delivery with complicating conditions]), and delivery without any mention of complicated regnancy or delivery (†delivery without complicating conditions]). In addition, this report provides information on specific types of complicating conditions of pregnancy and delivery. How to cite Complicating Conditions of Pregnancy and Childbirth, Papers

Enterprise Bargaining Agreement and Key Business

Question: Discuss about the Enterprise Bargaining Agreement and Key Business. Answer: Introduction In the modern society and economy, work is work is a key piece; daily labours productivity, the work quality, and the job availability levels are core factors of the economic health of any country. Taking this into consideration, this is the reason that the workplace and the laws that govern it therein are Australias central focus. Being the case, enterprise agreements have to pass the BOOT (better off overall test) to be permitted by Australias Fair Work Commission (FWC). Therefore, for an agreement to be approved, it has to pass the BOOT to satisfy FWCs requirements of all award covered employees as well as the prospective award covered employees would be in a better position generally if they were to be hired under the agreement as opposed to the relevant modern award (Productivity Commission, 2015). FWC will have the ability to look at different employees classes in applying the BOOT. In the absence of proof to the contrary, FWC will work under the assumption that all award covered employees, as well as the prospective award covered employees would be in a better position generally if they were to be hired under the agreement as opposed to the relevant modern award. Being a point in time test, BOOT necessitates all award covered employees and the prospective award covered employees to be better off overall at the test time. The test time is the time whereby a bargaining representative seeks the agreement approval from the FWC through an application. Although the agreements approval is made based on passing the BOOT, FWC has the ability to approve an agreement regardless of failing the BOOT under the condition of circumstances considered to be exceptional and that the agreements approval would not be conflicting to the public interest (Productivity Commission, 2015). Due to the fact that BOOT is a point in time test, after a while, it is likely for the base rate of pay of an employee under an agreement to be lesser than the national minimum wage or relevant modern award base rate. In such a case, the employee has the right of getting paid under the agreement at a pay rate that is equal to the national minimum wage or award order rate. Enterprise Bargaining Enterprise bargaining as established by the FWC was aimed at ensuring the implementation of standard conditions and wages, which would address the individual circumstances of both employers and employees while also sustain the benefits of the employees' overall actions. Conceivably, the core factor in central bargaining is that employers, employees, and their representatives ought to be involved by sitting down and analyzing the current circumstances. In this case, it becomes rather easier determining the best cause of actions to be taken towards employees and deciding what is good for the firm to finally come to a collective agreement. It has been said that enterprise bargaining reduces the control employees have in the operations of a firm. Consequently, the major concerns continue to be the means through which both employers and employees can participate in the actual negotiations over the enterprise agreements set conditions and terms (Enterprise Bargaining, 2017). Fair work Commission (FWC) The FWC began operating in 2009, which is when it was established after the manifestation on Industrial Relations was started by Ruuds Government. The FWC is the national relations tribunal for Australias workplace. Before it changed to Fair Work Commission, it was first called Fair Work Australia (Australia's national workplace relations tribunal, 2017). Given that it is an independent body, FWC has numerous responsibilities and roles that relate to the safety net of minimum wages and employment conditions; enterprise bargaining; industrial action; dispute resolution; termination of employment and other workplace matters (James Ombudsman, 2015). The FWC provides assistance to employees, employers, and the community in recognizing and acting in accordance with the set systems. As such, it educates by ways through which it advises and administers information as well as aids in resolving disputes that occur in the workplaces. In brief, the FWC tries to come up with a national system through which industrial relations can be controlled. The FWC ascertains that industrial actions interlinked with the process of bargaining together with the entire process happen in accordance with the laws of a workplace appropriately. The bargaining representatives or union of workers who would like to take an industrial action towards an employer or who would want to support the claims they have ought to seek approval for protection, which authorizes their intended industrial action, from the commission. After the FWC has considered the key issues of the application seeking approval, they either accept, decline, or suspend the proposed protectio n industrial action. FWC has the authority to stop industrial actions that are unprotected. Due to its authority, power, and recognition, the FWC are enforceable even in courts (Productivity Commission, 2015). Roles of the FWC Being an independent body, the FWC has been delegated with both the authority and power to impose, control, and oversee the regulations relating to employment conditions and minimum wages, mechanical and industrial action, termination and employment, and resolution of disputes. In addition, the FWC is anticipated to provide both helpful and useful information in regards to the workplace relations systems in Australia, create an awareness on sensible practices responsibilities and rights in the workplace, actively participate in the resolution of issues occurring in the workplaces, and observing as well as ensuring consistence with outbursts related with enrolled understandings, rewards, and laws in the workplace. Also, the FWC ensures the proper implementation of environmental laws in the workplace while searching disciplines for the outbursts of workplace laws (Stewart et al., 2014). The Approval Agreement Process By the FWC In FWC, there are two different types of agreements; agreement based instruments and enterprise agreements. The agreement based instruments are usually on the basis of individual transitional employment and collective agreements. In addition, they consists of individual state and preserved collective agreements. Since the process by the FWC to implement an agreement is direct, the bargaining representative of the employer has to be certain that content in the agreement is appropriate to be approved. In an enterprise agreement, the conditions and terms are outlined clearly stating the employment requirements between an employer and the employee. The bargaining representatives for both parties often participate in the proposed enterprise agreement bargaining process. In an enterprise agreement, the employer has to clearly indicate the roles of his or her employees, which is where the bargaining representatives play a part in when representing the parties during an enterprise agreement bargaining process. The information is provided to all employees present who are to take part in the enterprise agreement. During this process, the bargaining representatives are to act in good faith while bargaining an enterprise agreement that is proposed (Angwin, 2017). During the enterprise agreement bargaining process, a bargaining representative does not have to undertake franchises. This is because the FWC ascertains that parties meet particular agreement thresholds by means of a test. The workers default bargaining representative are usually trade union members unless another person is appointed to represent them. Being a vital aspect and particularly at the level of the enterprise, collective bargaining ensures both an efficient and effective employment relations, which involves regulations providing for an employees choice over representation. As such, the Fair Work Act policies amendments by the government ought to emphasize in other ways of the good faith bargaining system and especially by being planned in ways that would enable greater productivity benefits in delivery. The Weaknesses and Strengths of the BOOT Process There are numerous weaknesses and strengths of the BOOT process as taken by the FWC while making agreements. To begin with, the process is effective given that it ascertains equal opportunities are awarded to all the enterprises to increase productivity. Secondly, new career and training opportunities are awarded to each enterprise employee seeking to sign the proposed agreement. Thirdly, the process is less costly and direct as opposed to government enacted regulatory policies. Lastly, the process of enterprise agreement allows for firms to gains in efficiency such as new production targets and reductions in waste (Bray et al., 2014). Some of the disadvantages of the BOOT as applied by the FWC affects employers by the total cost and time required to negotiate the enterprise agreement go through the approval process. Given that there are strict timeframes and processes, this negatively affects the employers as they have to adhere to the conditions set failure to which the proposed agreement can be rejected. Secondly, for the FWC to approve a proposed agreement, a majority, not unanimous, has to vote and agree on the BOOT (Bland, 2016). Thirdly, the BOOT is quite challenging to apply, which as a result reduces the chance of beneficial trade-offs effectiveness that leads to exposing employers to compliance risks. Fourthly, the agreement process can prevent firms from participating in the enterprise bargaining process because of the time taken for the approval of an agreement (Forsyth, Gahan, Howe, 2011). The BOOT Test Application in the Coles and HM Cases In regards to the decision made on Coles Supermarkets, the entire panel of FWC declined the approval of Coles Supermarkets enterprise agreement based on the fact that it did not pass the BOOT test. As a result, the decision has major implications to the employers, and especially when seeking and negotiating agreements to be approved to cover a disparate and a large workforce. According to Duncan Hart, who won the case against his employer, the victory is celebrated by retail workers all over Australia, and not just Coles employees (Abc.net.au, 2016). The HM Swedish fashion giant enterprise agreement was failed by the FWC in an attempt to a bill intended to cut its wages at its workers expense. Their application was turned down due to the fact that it had not passed the BOOT test, which would have left several employees worse off compared to if they were to be paid under the award. For this reason, HM among numerous other major corporations have learned that they are not in a position to pay lesser than the award rates set in Australia (Catie low, 2017). Changes to BOOT (Better off overall Test) Although in principle the BOOT is not defective, it has from time to time and especially in practice used the approach referred to as line by line that entails evaluating if the category of employees in question are made worse or better off by any of the agreements individual term when placed in comparison with the awards relevant term (Mijic, 2017). Initially, the BOOT was intended to become a test used globally, whereby the sum of all the agreements benefits are taken into account while testing those that are contrary to the awards overall benefits. Therefore, changing to a new no-disadvantage test has a higher possibility of aiding to support that intention. In addition, it would equally ascertain that employees are not disadvantaged as put in comparison with the award, which is vital requisite, where both employers and employees are given a chance to come up with agreements representing win-win situations for the parties. Shifting to the test ought to be supplemented by practical guidance that is more precise from the FWC on the new no-disadvantage test (Productivity Commission, 2015). Also, the BOOT creates an uncertainty at the time stages where the process of bargaining and the agreement approval occurs. For this reason, the no-disadvantage test would be better off replacing the BOOT, and guidelines issued by the FWC to its members on the way through which to apply for the test so as to decrease the gap between practice and legislative intent. This because the BOOT entails workplace mechanisms that make it possible for flexibility to be achieved. For instance, it permits the base rates of pay to increase as compensation of the rates of penalties (Productivity Commission, 2015). Taking into consideration the fact that the no-disadvantage test (NDT) and the BOOT ought to be in theory marginal, the NDT has a higher possibility of becoming workable in practice (Merlo, 2000). For instance, in the case where the BOOT is applied, the FWC has to be satisfied in a positive way that an agreement will ascertain that each employee is made better off as compared to the relevant award for an agreement to be approved. As a result, this makes it easier for the rejection of agreements during the approval stage when put in comparison with a NDT, which would need the FWC to find the way that an agreement makes a category of employees in overall worse off so that they can turn down an agreement (Productivity Commission, 2015). Being a concept that is well established, a no-disadvantage test has been used extensively under both state and federal jurisdictions, although in forms that are quite different. However, any additional information is sought from inquiry participants by the Productivity Commission ways through which a new NDT should be articulated. However, regardless of whether it is a no-disadvantage or a BOOT test being used, a major concern is the ways through which the FWC applies the test at the approval stage of an agreement. According to McCallum, Moore, and Edwards (2012), there are several participants who through an evaluation indicated the way FWC preferred using the BOOT as opposed to the NDT. Similar concerns arose at the time of the FW Act review in the year 2012. Taking into consideration the fact that the Australian Fair Work Bill indicates that BOOT requires for each employee who is award covered to be better off overall, it is anticipated that the application of BOOT by the FWC be used to employee classes since the FWC is not allowed to evaluate any individual circumstances of an employee (Mourell Cameron, 2009). The government of Australia ought to make some amendments to the Fair Work Act to remove the BOOT and enterprise agreements to be approved, and instead, use the new no-disadvantage test. In addition, the test used to approve a new agreement ought to be used in a series of employee classes for an enterprise agreement. The FWC ought to issue guidelines to its members on the way the new test ought to be applied. Fair work Act 2009 Legislation Impact For numerous years before the Fair Work Act was introduced, national election campaigns were focused on issues of industrial relations. However, since it was enacted, the Act has attempted to improve both the protection and rights awarded to Australias workplace employees. NES (National Employment Standards) was among the several articles designed for this cause (Sutherland Riley, 2010). In total, there are ten NES that were as part of the Fair Work Act introduced including a maximum of the hours of worked weekly and the right to flexible working hours among others (Gollan, 2009). In addition, the FWA entailed industrial action, causes of unfair dismissal, and enterprise agreements introduced to provide employees a say as well as flexibility in their employment (Chapman, 2009). Under the new Fair Work Act, employees have been provided with a right to organize as opposed to the former legislation, which was especially strict on workplace and union interactions thus discouraging industrial relations employers and law (Cooper, 2010). However, since the Fair Work Act was effected in 2009, union involvement is supported through the right to organize and enterprise agreements. As a result, this has had a significantly positive impact on the participation of unions. Since it was introduced, the Fair Work Act has also protected employees from unfair dismissal and particularly towards the disabled, elders, and female employees on the grounds that are unjust. Another legislation impact of the act is the removal of AWAs (Australian Workplace Agreement) and the introduction of good faith bargaining and enterprise agreements (McCallum, Moore, Edwards, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, the introduction of the Fair Work Act in the year 2009, has had numerous significant changes towards both the protection and the rights afforded to the entire workforce in Australia. To be more specific, it has been positive in terms of action without the fear of reprimand and the participation of unions. However, despite all the significant changes that have today been positive in the reestablishment of power imbalance, there is still more that the Australias industrial law needs to develop to ensure that the workforce gets all the support it needs. The FWC has an obligation of making a workplace determination for recommending the regulation and rules of each employee it applies to. However, the FWC can make a strict declaration in severe conditions and contravention of the BOOT of bargaining an agreement that is substantially undermined. As such, it is essential to note that though employees have the ability of starting an industrial action in the bargaining process of a proposed enterprise agreement, the BOOT test should apply the necessary changes, or be replaced by the NDT test. As is evident in both the Coles and HM decisions, even the agreements entered into by unions and employers in good faith aimed at benefiting a majority of the average workers faces a threat of being turned down through an appeal of a number of employees. Although, a huge percentage of the employees voted in favour of the agreement, the outcome of the conditions and wages were undertaken by a tribunal instead of a collective decision making. Being the case, it is highly inappropriate for a workplace relation system that is modern. If the case would have been however different at the time the current test was legislated, this would not have been intended. As a result, the current interpretation and the construction of the BOOT test presently makes agreements risky, challenging, and cumbersome for enterprises with massive workforces (Westacott, 2017). References Abc.net.au.(2016).ABC News.Retrieved7 May, 2017,from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-31/part-time-coles-worker-wins-fair-case-against-supermarket-giant/7463132 Bland, A. (2016). Understanding the Pros and Cons of an Enterprise Bargaining Agreement - Key Business Advisors. Key Business Advisors. Retrieved 7 May 2017, from https://keyba.com.au/understanding-the-pros-and-cons-of-an-enterprise-bargaining-agreement/ Bray, M, Waring, P, Cooper, R Macneil, J 2014, Employment Relations: Theory and Practice, 3rd Ed, McGraw-Hill Education (Australia), North Ryde. Catie low.(2017).The Sydney Morning Herald.Retrieved7 May, 2017,from https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/hm-fails-to-secure-enterprise-agreement-20170117-gtsxwl.html Chapman, A. (2009). Protections in Relation to Dismissal: From the Workplace Relations Act to the Fair Work Act.UNSWLJ,32, 746. Cooper, R. (2010). The newindustrial relations and international economic crisis: Australia in 2009.Journal of Industrial Relations,52(3), 261-274. Forsyth, A. Gahan, P Howe, J 2011, Weighty measures: bargaining in balance,' Australian Financial Review, 15 November, p. 63. Enterprise Bargaining. (2017). Fair Work Ombudsman. Retrieved 7 May 2017, from https://www.fairwork.gov.au/how-we-will-help/templates-and-guides/fact-sheets/rights-and-obligations/enterprise-bargaining Australia's national workplace relations tribunal. (2017). Fair Work Commission. Retrieved 7 May 2017, from https://www.fwc.gov.au/ Gollan, P. J. (2009). Australian industrial relations reform in perspective: Beyond Work Choices and future prospects under the Fair Work Act 2009.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,47(3), 260-269. James, N., Ombudsman, F. W. (2015). Commonwealth of Australia. McCallum, R., Moore, M., Edwards, J. (2012). Towards more productive and equitable workplaces: An evaluation of the Fair Work legislation, 2012. Merlo, O. (2000). Flexibility and stretching rights: The no disadvantage test in enterprise bargaining.Australian Journal of Labour Law,13(3), 207-235. Mijic, Y. (2017). Enforcing Workplace Rights: Evaluating Fair Work Reforms to the Federal Compliance Regime. Centre For Employment And Labour Relations Law, (ISSN 1837-1418). Mourell, M., Cameron, C. (2009). Neither Simple nor Fair-Restricting Legal Representation before Fair Work Australia. Productivity Commission. (2015). Workplace relations framework: Draft report.August 4th. For a more technical, critical view against wage floors, see Siebert (2015),The simple economics of wage floors in C. Coyne and R. Coyne (Eds),Flaws Ceilings: Price controls and the damage they cause, The Institute of Economic Affairs, London. Stewart, A. J., Bray, M., Macneil, J., Oxenbridge, S. (2014). 'Promoting cooperative and productive workplace relations': exploring the Fair Work Commission's new role. Sutherland, C. (2015). Industrial legislation in Australia in 2014.Journal of Industrial Relations,57(3), 333-347. Sutherland, C., Riley, J. (2010). Industrial legislation in 2009.Journal of Industrial Relations,52(3), 275-287. Westacott, J. (2017). The current state of enterprise bargaining typifies the cracks appearing in our workplace relations system a system that is becoming increasingly adversarial and regulated, and ultimately disempowering workers and employers, writes Jennifer Westacott.. Bca.com.au. Retrieved 7 May 2017, from https://www.bca.com.au/media/enterprise-bargaining-on-the-brink-of-failure